Simulation Using LRO Data Shows More Locations With Ice on the Moon

Because the ice can only be in places which are absolutely dark. Any direct or reflected sunlight and the ice will sublimate. Most likely it is hidden under the surface or in narrow gaps between rocks.

Well if NASA can find entire buried settlements from space using Shuttle radar [nasaimages.org], which could only penetrate 2 meters, imagine what a more powerful radar could find.

I rather suspect that 2 feet below the surface there could be a lot of ice in a lot of places.

Its the ultimate non-renewable resource. Used once, if not captured and stored carefully its gone into space forever.
Stillsuits anyone?

Source: http://rss.slashdot.org/~r/Slashdot/slashdotScience/~3/8djT9l_p9V0/simulation-using-lro-data-shows-more-locations-with-ice-on-the-moon

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Gap, Bed Bath, other merchants join mobile wallet service

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?Beerack? Obama's Home Brew is Latest Chapter In Presidential ...

His July 2009 ?Beer Summit? might have tipped us off.

President Obama?s famous ?Beer Summit? in July of 2009. Vice President Biden also joined in. (thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com)

Working on he premise that there might be little that can?t be reasonably resolved over some beers, seven months into his new job as Chief Executive, President Barack Obama hosted a summertime chat under the shade trees of the White House, seeking to facilitate a better dialogue on racial conflict between ?the African-American professor and the white Boston policeman who arrested him on the false premise that he was breaking into a home that proved to be his own.

Bee Culture magazine?s editor Kim Flottum, left, with White House bee keeper Charlie Brandts beside the South Lawn hive. (USnews.com)

By that time, the First Lady had already broken ground and was just starting to harvest the fruits and vegetables of her famous food gardens at the White House.

Shortly thereafter, hearing about White House staff member Charles Brandt, whose hobby is raising bees and producing his own honey, she initiated the first known beehives on the White House lawn, enthusiastically encouraging him to assume the mantle of the unofficial White House Beekeeper.

First Lady Michelle Obama?s White House food gardens inspired the beehive. (USnews.com)

Soon enough, the golden harvest of honey was sweetly oozing into jars ?and being used by White House chef Sam Kass in numerous White House bills of fare for the First Family and guests.

Soon enough, something else was brewing in the old Executive Mansion?s basement. It first bubbled up to public attention during the President and Mrs. Obama?s 2011 Super Bowl Party.

Obama White House beer. (rankenmuthbrewery.com)

At that event, about one hundred 12-ounce brown glass bottles of ?White House Honey Ale? premiered, made from the honey produced by the busy bees on the South Lawn.

The President enjoying a cold one on St. Patrick?s Day. (globalgrind.com)

It?s the first beer ever brewed by a President in the White House.

President Obama?s natural affinity for a good beer has been publicly celebrated in bars around the world, certainly since his 2008 presidential campaign.

Like all the other candidates, he was always game to sip a brew while shaking hands in a local bar or club.

And during his trip to Ireland, when he visited the hometown of his maternal Irish ancestors, he hoisted one with the local pub crowd.

Like Presidents since John F. Kennedy, he?s ?always celebrated St. Patrick?s Day, often seen with a frosty mug in hand.

President Barack Obama talking beer with David Letterman, September 18, 2012.

Earlier this month, President Obama talked about it during his interview with David Letterman on?the ?Late Show with David Letterman.? Bragging on its deliciousness and cracked that, ?if the presidency thing doesn?t work out? he was relieved to now have a back-up profession. And while the large quantities of White House beer are now produced by the White House kitchen staff under direction of Sam Kass, it was indeed Barack Obama who came up with the idea.

On the White House website, Chef Kass recounted the short history of the Obama White House Beer:

?Inspired by home brewers from across the country, last year President Obama bought a home brewing kit for the kitchen. After the few first drafts we landed on some great recipes that came from a local brew shop. We received some tips from a couple of home brewers who work in the White House who helped us amend it and make it our own. To be honest, we were surprised that the beer turned out so well since none of us had brewed beer before?.Since our first batch of White House Honey Brown Ale, we?ve added the Honey Porter and have gone even further to add a Honey Blonde this past summer. Like many home brewers who add secret ingredients to make their beer unique, all of our brews have honey that we tapped from the first ever bee-hive on the South Lawn. The honey gives the beer a rich aroma and a nice finish but it doesn?t sweeten it.?

White House Chef Sam Kass recently released the two White House beer recipes for the public, now free to try and concoct it for themselves. You can find both of them at the end of this article.

Martha Jefferson, who died twenty years before her husband?s presidency.

The story of the Obama White House Beer brewing represents a new chapter in the long, winding and sometimes uneasy story of alcoholic beverages being served or enjoyed by Presidents and First Ladies.?Thomas Jefferson made his own wine in the White House ? but also, his own beer at Monticello. In fact, among the few known facts about his wife Martha Wayles Jefferson, who died two decades before he became President, is that she started the Monticello brewery experiment.

Franklin D. Roosevelt took pride in mixing his own unique martini recipe as much as he enjoyed drinking it. His wife Eleanor Roosevelt called the concoction ?perfectly dreadful.? (FDR Library)

George Washington made his own whiskey. John Adams loved his hard cider, made from apples on his Massachusetts farm. Eleanor Roosevelt abhorred her husband?s famous martini concoction while Florence Harding was master mixologist for the scotch-and-soda her husband served. There have been alcoholic Presidents and those with ?dry? policies, and First Ladies who could drink more than any man and those who set examples by their temperance policies.

Ciderman Adams.

Along with the obvious fact that, as adults, they?ve all had a right to chose what they drink, presidential boozing has inevitably, colorfully, always carried potential political consequence.

And, as Presidents are apt to do, they also exploited their own personal drinking habits or abstinence to their advantage ? even if those habits didn?t necessarily coincide with the policies related to alcohol they publicly supported.

And too, unsurprisingly, what touches the lips of the the couple still held up as role models of the idealized American Man and American Woman has reflected nearly a dozen distinct phases of the evolving Pop Culture?s views on booze, affected by aspects of American life including agriculture, industry, farming, magazine advertising, television marketing, even the women?s equal rights movement.

Carter brew. (rustycans.com)

While some squawkers might attempt to technically classify the White House as a federal office space or historical site, it has always been, first and foremost, the private home of the President and his family.

Although President Obama cracked to Letterman that he hoped it was legal to brew his own beer in the White House, he can rest assured it is ? with thanks to predecessor Jimmy Carter.

A deluxe case of a dozen Billy Beers, featuring the First Brother on the box cover. (www.falstaffbrewing.com)

In the late 70s, President Carter rescinded an old law which forbid home-brewing of beer.

It?s unclear whether?Carter had been lobbied by his brother, who still lived in their small, rural Georgia town while Jimmy was in the White House.

The First Brother, whom international reporters could always rely on for folksy wisdom and a country-style wisecrack if they could sit him down in his Plains filling station, famously marketed his own commercially-canned brew, the questionably palatable yet ubiquitous ?Billy Beer.?

Here are the two White House beer recipes for home brewers:

Source: http://carlanthonyonline.com/2012/09/30/beerack-obamas-home-brew-is-latest-chapter-in-presidential-booze-story/

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Givenchy, Hermes and Celine get elegant

A model wears a creation by British fashion designer Phoebe Philo for Celine's Spring-Summer 2013 ready to wear collection, presented in Paris, Sunday, Sept.30, 2012. (AP Photo/Jacques Brinon)

A model wears a creation by British fashion designer Phoebe Philo for Celine's Spring-Summer 2013 ready to wear collection, presented in Paris, Sunday, Sept.30, 2012. (AP Photo/Jacques Brinon)

A model wears a creation by British fashion designer Phoebe Philo for Celine's Spring-Summer 2013 ready to wear collection, presented in Paris, Sunday, Sept.30, 2012. (AP Photo/Jacques Brinon)

A model wears a creation by fashion designer Riccardo Tisci for Givenchy's ready to wear Spring-Summer 2013 collection, presented in Paris, Sunday, Sept. 30, 2012. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)

A model wears a creation by fashion designer Riccardo Tisci for Givenchy's ready to wear Spring-Summer 2013 collection, presented in Paris, Sunday, Sept. 30, 2012. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)

Models wear creations by French fashion designer Christophe Lemaire for Hermes' ready to wear Spring-Summer 2013 collection, presented in Paris, Sunday, Sept.30, 2012. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)

(AP) ? True style doesn't try too hard.

That was the statement at Paris Fashion Week, alarmingly simple, but proved in a number of ready-to-wear presentations Sunday which heralded a move towards clean, simplified elegance.

Celine designer Phoebe Philo ? at the top of her game ? produced an effortlessly chic display.

Three years after the lauded Briton's Celine, she delivered a strong collection, which evoked a boho-bourgeois style in soft silhouettes with subtle architecture.

Another of Paris' influential designers, Riccardo Tisci of Givenchy, presented a new vision of style Sunday.

Again, Tisci channeled a clean look, simplifying the house silhouette in a less elaborate yet sophisticated collection.

Hermes ? the house of the jet-setting fashion buyer ? served up the elegance in its usual cocktail of travel, silk, leather and exotic cultural references.

Summing up his show, the house's designer Christophe Lemaire said it represented "a clean, sharp, modernist traveler."

Monday's highly anticipated shows include Stella McCartney, Chloe ? and the hottest ticket of the week ? Hedi Slimane's debut outing as designer for the rebranded Saint Laurent.

___

CELINE

Spring is about gentle contradictions, not color, Phoebe Philo seemed to say: Shown through a muted palette of black, white, navy and gray.

The real point of the show was the gentle play on contrasting lines, then textures, then form.

Loosely hanging silhouettes ? often with attention to neck details in high necks, bands and twists ? came in column or boxy shapes, with a couple of black A-line tuxedo-dresses for good measure.

The gloss of sheeny silks whispered a contrast against matte fabric.

Philo has often been noted for her chic "utilitarian tailoring," which she delivers with uncanny ease.

Here we saw it used artistically in hemline frays which turned into tassels, and twisted fabric that wrapped round the back sewn crudely together in a lump.

It's a style that wouldn't look out of place on Juliette Binoche, for example, who accepted a best-actress award at Cannes in 2010 in custom Celine.

The house is right in fancying themselves as Paris calendar's arty side.

When fashion insiders asked to see the mandatory program notes, there were wry smiles as they were handed a text-free book of collage pictures.

___

GIVENCHY

Trend-setting designer Riccardo Tisci changed the direction of Givenchy's ready-to-wear Sunday.

He simplified the silhouette to a more flattened and spread out front-and-shoulder emphasis in 37 black, white and gray looks.

A strong voice in the fashion conversation, Tisci's tailoring influences designers far and wide.

Last spring, for instance, he brought back the peplum.

Now, hardly a collection goes by without one cropping up.

The wilder bondage-gear touches that added spice to last season's equestrian-inspired trip, were gone here, in a less elaborate display ? but which had its moments of clean elegance.

A great feature was the clean, descending ripples in many of the looks which are sure to spread into other collections like wildfire.

But for a designer who likes to live dangerously, this more saleable collection? though a departure from last season ? felt at times like he was playing-it-safe.

___

HERMES

The fashion crowd got their summer holidays early ? flown first class across a vibrant mix of Polynesian prints and color-rich baroque foulard motifs.

Several of the models carried hang luggage. The mascot of the house, after all, is an airborne messenger.

The looks stopped off at every fabric under the sun: in full grain leather woven in silk, washed silk twill, plunged lambskin, satin piping and lovely indigo denim linen.

Colors too, were diverse in cappuccino, terracotta, sulphur, emerald, cobalt and ?the palette's most beautiful ? celadon.

The flight this season stopped off at the Netherlands and Germany? with tinges of the geometry and graphics of 1930s.

"I'm a modernist at heart," Lemaire said following the show, hosted next to Paris' Tuileries gardens.

This idea was worked into the collection's best looks with a feel of famed Dutch painter Piet Mondrian ? who used geometric shapes and blocks of colors that could be seen in several of the final looks.

Printed geometric floaty silk blouses and slightly jarring assorted pants made bold statements.

They also featured the slight play on masculine styles that Lemaire likes to toy with periodically: A cotton wool cravate appeared on most of the looks as a man's tie, tucked into a hoop.

The result was pure luxury, air delivered as only Hermes can.

___

KENZO

Kenzo headed back to the Southeast Asian jungle Sunday in a vibrant, fun collection that picked up their last menswear theme: A rainforest trek.

After just one year at the helm, the hard work of designers Humberto Leon and Carol Lim has paid off: They've managed to re-stamp the brand with a cool, populist edge.

But they're serious about their work in other ways too: Fashion insiders were allowed to live the catwalk theme ? literally ? by having to trek to the far-flung venue, the Maison de Judo, on the Paris city limits.

In bold ? sometimes purposefully garish ? orange vermilions and greens, the collection threw up some great wide pants and boxy-shaped jackets as well as a lot of safari-style street wear.

Though some of the jungle printed ensembles looked overly busy ? a beautiful camouflage print made up for it with images of flowers that looked like leopard.

But there was art in the detail too, with the designers showing a flair for tailoring in great utilitarian features.

_____

Thomas Adamson can be followed at http:/ /Twitter.com/ThomasAdamsonAP

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/4e67281c3f754d0696fbfdee0f3f1469/Article_2012-09-30-France-Fashion-Day%206%20Wrap/id-642d0d9d7e8442b19002dd829028cf23

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Agricultural Inventions from 1862: A Look Back in Scientific American 's Archives [Slide Show]

Cover Image: October 2012 Scientific American MagazineSee Inside

As the young United States expanded, inventions became one of the cornerstones of Progress. Inventors could come from any class of people, including many who worked long and hard in the dominant industry of 1862, agriculture.


From our comfortable viewpoint in 2012, the United States of 1862 sounds wretchedly backward: Most of the population lived and labored in rural areas. Water and sewer services were almost nonexistent. Small children worked in coal mines. Life expectancy was a miserable 44 years (34 years for slaves). Civil War dominated the news.

Yet three-quarters of the population could read (for instance, such fine publications as Scientific American). Service and manufacturing businesses were growing rapidly. Thousands of miles of railways and telegraph wires crisscrossed the country, moving people, goods, news and ideas. The ideals of learning and progress were enshrined in the U.S. Constitution: ?to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts.?

Inventions were a cornerstone of Progress. Any device that could save labor or improve some process or product could bring fortune and even fame to the successful inventor. Agriculture had its share of hopeful farmer/inventors, as the following slide show of agricultural improvements from 1862 attests.

? View the Agricultural Inventions from 1862 Slide Show

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Wild horses sold by US going to slaughterhouses?

Susan Montoya Bryan / AP file

Wild horses scour the ground for strands of hay during an adoption event put on by the Bureau of Land Management in Albuquerque, N.M., in 2009.

By Dave Philipps / ProPublica

The Bureau of Land Management faced a crisis this spring.?

The agency protects and manages herds of wild horses that still roam the American West, rounding up thousands of them each year to keep populations stable.

But by March, government pens and pastures were nearly full. Efforts to find new storage space had fallen flat. So had most attempts to persuade members of the public to adopt horses. Without a way to relieve the pressure, the agency faced a gridlock that would invite lawsuits and potentially cause long-term damage to the range.?

So the BLM did something it has done increasingly over the last few years. It turned to a little-known Colorado livestock hauler named Tom Davis who was willing to buy hundreds of horses at a time, sight unseen, for $10 a head.?


The BLM has sold Davis at least 1,700 wild horses and burros since 2009, agency records show [1] -- 70 percent of the animals purchased through its sale program.

Like all buyers, Davis signs contracts promising that animals bought from the program will not be slaughtered and insists he finds them good homes.

But Davis is a longtime advocate of horse slaughter. By his own account, he has ducked Colorado law to move animals across state lines and will not say where they end up. He continues to buy wild horses for slaughter from Indian reservations, which are not protected by the same laws. And since 2010, he has been seeking investors for a slaughterhouse of his own.

"Hell, some of the finest meat you will ever eat is a fat yearling colt," he said. "What is wrong with taking all those BLM horses they got all fat and shiny and setting up a kill plant?"

Animal welfare advocates fear that horses bought by Davis are being sent to the killing floor.?

?The BLM says it protects wild horses,? said Laura Leigh, founder of the Nevada-based advocacy group Wild Horse Education, ?but when they are selling to a guy like this you have to wonder.?

BLM officials say they carefully screen buyers and are adamant that no wild horses ever go to slaughter.

?We don?t feel compelled to sell to anybody we don?t feel good about,? agency spokesman Tom Gorey said. ?We want the horses to be protected.?

Sally Spencer, who runs the wild horse sales program [2], said the agency has had no indication of problems with Davis and it would be unfair for the BLM to look more closely at him based on the volume of his purchases.

"It is no good to just stir up rumors,? she said. ?We have never heard of him not being able to find homes. So people are innocent until proven guilty in the United States."

Congress reverses a move that previously prevented the slaughter of horses for exportation of the meat. Paul Crawley reports.

Some BLM employees say privately that wild horse program officials may not want to look too closely at Davis. The agency has more wild horses than it knows what to do with, they say, and Davis has become a relief valve for a federal program plagued by conflict and cost over-runs.?

"They are under a lot of pressure in Washington to make numbers,? said a BLM corral manager who did not want his name used because he feared retribution from the agency?s national office. ?Maybe that is what this is about. They probably don't want to look too careful at this guy."

******

Wild horses embody the mythic West: Painted Indian war ponies and the cavalry mounts that chased them, pony express runners and the tough partners of cowboys.

At the turn of the 20th Century, they numbered in the millions, but most were rounded up, slaughtered, and used for pet food or fertilizer, until by 1970, there were only 17,000 left.

In 1971, Congress stepped in to save the remaining herds, passing a law [3] that declared wild horses ?living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West? and made it a crime for anyone to harass or kill wild horses on most federal land. The law tasked the departments of Interior and Agriculture with protecting the animals still roaming the range.

Dave Philipps / ProPublica

Tom Davis at his corrals in La Jara, Colo.

In a sense, the Bureau of Land Management -- the part of the Interior Department assigned to oversee the wild horse program -- succeeded in this a bit too well. Protected horses naturally began to reproduce and by 1983 there were an estimated 65,000 horses and burros on the range, competing for resources with cattle and native wildlife.

In the name of maintaining a sustainable balance, the BLM began removing horses from the wild. It now rounds up about 9,400 horses a year, which has kept the wild population at around 35,000.

The captured horses are put up for adoption. Almost anyone can have one for as little as $125 as long as they sign a contract promising not to sell it to slaughter.

Adoptions kept pace with round ups until investigations in the late 1980s and 1990s showed that many adopters, including several BLM employees, had turned a quick profit by selling the horses to slaughterhouses. To discourage such re-sales, the BLM began holding the title of sale for a year. Today the agency says it visits almost every adopter for a ?compliance check? within six months to make sure horses are well cared for.

The restrictions protected horses, but discouraged adoptions, a trend compounded more recently by a bad economy and soaring hay prices.

Today, only one in three captured horses finds a home. The rest go into a warren of tax payer-funded corrals, feed lots and pastures collectively known as ?the holding system.? Since horses often live 20 years after being captured, the holding population has grown steadily for decades from 1,600 in 1989 to more than 47,000. There are now more wild horses living in captivity than in the wild.

For decades, government auditors [4] and wild horse welfare advocates have warned that the policy of capturing and storing horses is unsustainable and have pushed for the BLM to use fertility controls, introduce predators or expand wild horse territories, but the agency has made little progress toward these goals. In the first half of this year, for example, it treated fewer than half as many wild horses with a birth control drug than was planned.?

"I think they are caught in an old way of doing things,? said John Turner, an endocrinologist at University of Toledo who specializes in wild horse fertility control. ?Once they round up the horses, I don't think they like to treat and release. They would rather remove them."

Driven by the cost of caring for unwanted wild horses, the annual price tag of the program has ballooned from $16 million in 1989 to $76 million today.

Cost pressures prompted Congress to pass a last-minute rider to a 2004 law directing the BLM to sell thousands of old or unadoptable wild horses for $10 a head without restrictions -- even for slaughter -- but the agency has not done so, fearing public outrage.?

Instead, since then, the BLM has been selling horses, but requiring buyers to sign contracts [5] saying they will? ?not knowingly sell or transfer ownership of any listed wild horse and or burro to any person or organization with an intention to resell, trade, or give away the animal for processing into commercial products." Violating the agreement is a felony, but there are no compliance checks similar to those done when horses are adopted.

Even when priced at less than a few bales of hay, these horses had little appeal: Sales dropped [6] from 1,468 in 2005 to 351 in 2008.

To explore other options for reducing the number of horses in holding, top BLM officials gathered for weekly closed-door meetings from July to October 2008. According to meeting minutes obtained by the Conquistador Equine Rescue & Advocacy Program, they considered selling thousands of animals for slaughter and even large-scale euthanasia, but concluded such actions would enrage animal-welfare activists to the point they might "threaten the safety of our facilities and our employees."

No clear plan emerged.

As the wild horse program?s situation grew increasingly dire, a new option came knocking: Tom Davis.

******

Davis, 64, a plain-spoken man with a sun-beaten brow, makes his living hauling livestock, but says reselling wild horses now accounts for a substantial part of his income.

By his own account, he has worked around horses all his life -- on racetracks, on ranches, and even rounding up wild horses for slaughter before the 1971 law put a stop to the practice.

For most of that time, he has lived in the tiny town of La Jara, in Colorado?s mountain-ringed San Luis Valley, just down the road from Ken Salazar, the former U.S. Senator who now heads the Department of the Interior.

?When my dad was alive we farmed their land,? Davis said of the Salazar family. ?I like them. I do business with them. I do quite a bit of trucking for Ken.?

(Salazar did not respond to repeated interview requests for this story.)

On a warm morning in May, Davis gave a rambling two-hour interview on the 13-acre spread of corrals and truck lots where he lives.

Leaning against the fence of a muddy corral where a half dozen horses nibbled hay, wearing dusty overalls, Davis gave a simple reason for becoming the BLM?s main buyer.

"I love wild horses to death,? he said. ?It's like an addiction. For some it's drugs, for me it's horses."

According to BLM records, Davis first contacted the program in January 2008. Documents obtained from the agency show he filled out the application [7] to become a buyer over the phone, aided by Spencer, the BLM?s sales director, who wrote in his answers to questions on the form. (A BLM spokesman said in an email that agency employees often did this in the program?s early days, but no longer do.)

Under a question concerning Davis? intended use of the animals, Spencer wrote ?use for movies.? He later told other BLM employees he sold the horses to Mexican movie companies to use on film shoots.

Under a question about what type of horses Davis preferred, the application noted he would take males or females, so long as they were big.

At the bottom of the application, Spencer wrote that she and Davis had ?Discussed goal of providing a good home and making sure none of the horses end up at slaughter plants.? A few weeks later, the BLM sent Davis 36 wild horses from its Ca?on City, Colo., holding corral.

That was the only load the BLM sent Davis in 2008, records show. But in 2009 -- a few months after the meetings about the holding crisis and two weeks after Salazar became head of the Interior Department -- the agency started sending him truckload after truckload, from all over the West. Soon he was by far their biggest customer.

Davis bought 560 horses in 2009, another 332 animals in 2010, 599 more in 2011, and 239 in the first four months of 2012, agency records show. While most BLM buyers purchase one or two horses at a time, Davis averages 35 per purchase and has bought up to 240 at a time.

The animals came from the mountains of California and Wyoming, the mesas of Colorado and Utah, and the deserts of Nevada and Oregon. Many had lived for decades in the wild: Mature band stallions and resilient mares of every color descended from the first American horses.

Davis has paid the BLM a total of $17,630 for the animals, far less than BLM has expended to provide them ? the agency estimates it costs $1,000 to roundup a wild horse and records show it has paid as much as $5,000 per truckload to ship them to Davis. Similar horses that are not acquired from the BLM and can legally be sold for slaughter fetch $300,000 to $600,000 on the open market, according to sales prices from regional livestock auctions.

Some BLM corral managers said in interviews they felt uneasy shipping so many horses to a single buyer, and one they knew so little about, but said such decisions weren?t up to them.

"That all happens in Washington," one said, echoing the comments of many. "We are just peons. We do what we are told."

Davis said BLM employees occasionally asked where his horses ended up, but said he tells them it?s ?none of your damn business.?

"They never question me too hard. It makes 'em look good if they're movin' these horses, see?" he said. "Every horse I take from them saves them a lot of money. I?m doing them a favor. I?m doing the American people a favor."

******

So what happened to the wild horses Davis purchased from the BLM?

The agency can?t say for sure. It does not hold onto the titles of wild horses acquired through its sale program as it does with horses that are adopted. Officials also have no process for following up to make sure buyers use animals as they claim they will in applications.

In the interview at the ranch, Davis said he had found most of the mustangs ?good homes? on properties mostly in the southeastern states.? Asked if he would provide records of these sales, he responded, ?Ain?t no way in hell.?

Other people who find homes for rescue horses in the region say they rely heavily on advertising and web sites to connect with buyers. Davis does not appear to do so.

?I?ve never heard of him,? said David Hesse, who runs Mustang and Wild Horse Rescue of Georgia [8]. ?If he said he is finding homes for that many old, untamed mustangs, I?m skeptical. The market is deader than dead. I have trouble finding homes for even the ones that are saddle-broken. Wild ones? No way.?

On some sales applications, Davis has said he sells horses to graze on land used for oil and gas drilling in Texas, but oil industry experts contacted for this story said they had never heard of such a practice.

According to brand inspection documents [9] required by Colorado when livestock is sold or shipped more than 75 miles, Davis and his wife say they have sent 765 animals with BLM wild horse brands to a sparsely populated stretch of arid brush country along the Mexico border in Kinney County, Texas. (The records do not give specific addresses where animals were sent, but identify small towns, such as Spofford, as their destination.)

It?s impossible to confirm that the horses actually arrived there or to know where they might have gone next, however, because Texas is one of the few Western states that do not require brand inspections when horses are moved or sold.

Just south of Kinney County is Eagle Pass, a border town that isthe only crossing for horses going to slaughter in Mexico for hundreds of miles.

There have been no horse slaughterhouses in the U.S. since 2007, when Congress barred funding for U.S. Department of Agriculture horse meat inspectors. Since then horse slaughter has been outsourced. A 2011 report by the General Accountability Office [10] found the export of horses for slaughter to Mexico shot up 660 percent after the ban.

In Eagle Pass, as at other crossings, slaughter horses are checked by USDA veterinarians. A? USDA spokeswoman refused to make veterinarians available for interviews, but confirmed that vets sometimes see wild horses bearing the BLM brand in slaughter export pens.

Brand documents leave almost 1,000 of Davis?s wild horses unaccounted for. That means they should still be within 75 miles of his residence -- if he has complied with state law.

Asked if this was the case, Davis first said the horses were still on 160 acres of land he leases from the state of Colorado. Then he said some had been shipped out of state without brand inspections, a misdemeanor punishable by up to 18 months in jail and a $1,000 fine.

"Since when is anything in this country done legal?" Davis said in a phone interview.

******

Had BLM officials inquired further about Davis, they might have found reason to question his plans for wild horses.

Davis is a vocal proponent of slaughtering wild horses in the holding system, which he considers a waste of resources. During the interview at his home, he said he would purchase far more horses if the BLM allowed him to resell them to so-called ?kill buyers.?

?They are selling me mere hundreds now,? he said. ?If they sold me 50,000, I guarantee I could do something with them. I would go to Canada. I would go to Mexico.?

Davis has close friends who export horses for slaughter, including Dennis Chavez, whose family runs one of largest export businesses in the southwest. In 1984, when Davis authored ?Be Tough or be Gone [11],? a self-published book about a horseback ride he took from Mexico to Alaska, he dedicated it to Chavez?s father, Sonny Chavez.

Also, despite the obstacles that impede U.S. horse slaughterhouses, Davis said he has been trying to drum up investors to open a slaughter plant in Colorado.

He said he had approached pet food companies to buy the meat and asked Ken Salazar?s brother, John Salazar, who is the head of the Colorado Department of Agriculture, to help him get a grant to finance the business. John Salazar declined to help Davis, and so far the slaughterhouse venture has not gone forward.

?How can the BLM say with a straight face they are protecting wild horses when they deal with this guy?? said Leigh, of Wild Horse Education.

Animal welfare advocates have raised concerns about Davis? purchases, but they say federal officials paid little attention.

In late 2010, the BLM rounded up 255 horses in the Adobe Town wild horse area [12] in Wyoming. A local loose knit group of advocates had been photographing the herd for years. After the round-up, group members called BLM officials, looking to adopt a few of the animals, particularly an old stallion they had named Grey Beard [13].

They were told that the horses had been claimed by an anonymous buyer who planned to resell them to large landowners looking for agricultural tax exemptions. The advocates tried to learn more about the buyer, but Spencer refused to give his name, citing privacy policies.

According to interviews and agency emails, group members told Spencer that anyone buying that many horses at once had to be a kill buyer.

Sandra Longley, one of the advocates, said in an email to another advocate that Spencer had assured her that the buyer in question had a long relationship with the BLM and was ?above reproach.?

A BLM spokesman said Spencer did not recall the conversation.

According to BLM records, most of the horses were sold to Davis.

Warnings from advocates about Davis do not appear to have prompted the BLM to reconsider selling to him.In fact, internal agency email shows that officials actively turned to Davis to absorb freshly rounded-up horses so they wouldn?t end up in the overloaded holding system.

In January, the manager of the agency?s corral in Burns, Ore., emailed superiors in Washington, D.C., to ask what to do with 29 mares, almost all of which were pregnant. Spencer replied that Davis would take them.

In March, a corral manager emailed Spencer to say he had 92 ?nice horses? just rounded up in High Rock, Calif., and to ask if Davis could take some of the geldings.

A day later Spencer replied, ?Davis told me that if the geldings are in good shape he will be able to place them into good homes.?

?How many would Mr. Davis want to buy?? the corral manager asked Spencer. ?And are there any specifics that he is looking for??

?He said he?d be interested in all of them, no specifics,? Spencer replied. ?

Spencer said in an interview she is under no pressure to approve buyers with questionable backgrounds and feels confident that ?we do not sell to people we feel are going to do bad things to the horses.?

When asked about Davis, she said he had been thoroughly checked out and she had confidence in him. More generally, she said that if there were problems with a buyer, she would know.

?People watch where our horses go and the brands are very distinctive,? she said. ?If things were going on, we would get a call.?

Davis? most recent purchase was in April, when he bought 106 animals. Since then, the agency may have opened an inquiry into what he has done with horses bought from the BLM.? In June, an agency investigator contacted this reporter seeking information about him. This month, however, the BLM assistant special investigator in Santa Fe (the contact supplied by the agency on this matter) said he was "unable to confirm or deny" that the BLM is investigating Davis.

Animal welfare advocates say the agency?s reliance on Davis is just another indication of how the wild horse program and its overburdened holding system have been mismanaged.

?He is just a symptom of the train wreck that is the Wild Horse and Burro program,? said Ginger Kathrens, director of the horse advocacy group The Cloud Foundation, based in Colorado Springs. ?They just warehouse more and more horses and create their own crisis. Then, after they run the program into the ground, they have to find ways out of it. It is a whole unnatural ridiculous system run amok. And who pays the ultimate price? Wild horses.?

This report, "All the Missing Horses," first appeared at ProPublica.org.

To contact Dave Philipps about this story, email him at horse@propublica.org.

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